The Ethics of Cadaveric Organs for Transplantation

THE ETHICS OF CADAVERIC ORGANS FOR TRANSPLANTATION The Ethics of Cadaveric Organs for Transplantation Brianne Vought HAS 545.01 Ethics and Health Care Advancements in medicine have allowed for the ability to transplant organs from a cadaver to a living patient. Immunosuppressive drugs have been developed to block the bodily rejection of organs from the deceased making transplantation possible. When an individual dies The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act allows for tissue and organs of the cadaver to be used for transplantation (Garrett, Baillie, amp; Garrett, 2001). This document is a set model or regulations and laws concerning organ donation that all 50 states have passed in some measure. Organs such as the kidneys, heart,†¦show more content†¦In the majority of the religious groups, as long as due respect is shown to the body, cadaver organ transplants are not forbidden (Garrett, Baillie, amp; Garrett, 2001). But in some cultures death is not the end of the soul and that the life of the body can be restored. â€Å"Most families still refuse to donate the organs of their dying relatives† despite all efforts made to increase donations. Harvesting may be thought of as violating the sanctity of the body. Donation may involve â€Å"unwarranted mutilation of the body and so disrespect for the dignity of the human body† (Garrett, Baillie, amp; Garrett, 2001). Individuals are urged to sign an organ donor card with little or no awareness of what that action can mean. How the death is determined may weigh in on the decision to donate. The potential recipient is rarely known, because tissue and compatibility tests must be done. There is always less ethical force in an unnamed potential person that a living identifiable one. The horror stories that make the headlines also deter consent for donation. The few illegal harvesting accusations which are published in newspapers and documented on television deter individuals from donating and allow them to see denial of consent as the barrie r to exploitation and harm. There is also a fear that the organ donor may not actually be dead but declared dead prematurely so that the vital organs can be taken to benefit another human being. The UniformShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation1787 Words   |  8 PagesOrgan Donation Tanecia Carter HCA 322 Health Care Ethics Medical Law Instructor: Instructor: Susan Vellek August 5, 2013 Organ Donation The process of taking functional organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another individual is called organ donation. Whereas, any part of the body that performs a different and special function is referred to as an organ. Transplantation takes places quiteRead MoreEthics and Organ Donation1598 Words   |  7 PagesEthics Analysis Paper Ethical Issues Related to Organ Donations In 1983 Dr H Barry Jacobs, a physician from Virginia, whose medical license had been revoked after a conviction for Medicare mail-fraud, founded International Kidney Exchange, Ltd. He sent a brochure to 7,500 American hospitals offering to broker contracts between patients with end-stage-renal-disease and persons willing to sell one kidney. His enterprise never got off the ground, but Dr Jacobs did spark an ethicalRead MoreLegalizing the Sale of Human Organs1071 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing the sale of human organs has become a very controversial topic in the last few decades. Transplant surgeries were becoming relatively safe to preform, which lead the transplant list to grow rapidly. The debate on how to increment the number of organs available for transplant commenced. Currently organ donations were solely dependent upon cadaveric donors and family members. This shortage has engendered an ebony market for organs sales. People are peregrinating across the country to haveRea d MoreOrgan And Organ Of Organ Transplantation2652 Words   |  11 Pagescentury, organ transplantation provides a way of giving the gift of life to patients with terminal failure of vital organs. Organ transplantation requires the participation of both fellow human beings and of society by donating organs from deceased or living individuals. The ever increasing rate of organ failure and the inadequate supply of organs have created a significant gap between organ supply and organ demand. This gap has resulted in extremely lengthy waiting times to receive an organ as wellRead MoreOrgan Donor / Donation Organization779 Words   |  4 PagesCreative Title Topic: Organ Donor/Donation Organization: Topically Specific Purpose: Whatever the decision might be, the smart thing to do it to do some research. I. INTRODUCTION A. Attention getter: Did you know that as of 1988, according to the American Transplant Foundation, 597,166 transplants have occurred in the U.S.? B. Relevance: Organ donation, being controversial as it is, does not have enough information out into the public in order for the people to make a concise opinion/idea aboutRead MoreOrgan Donation For An Organ Transplant1811 Words   |  8 Pagesfor an organ transplant. They also state that one organ donor can save up to eight lives. Those are significant numbers that should make us very much aware of the monumental impact organ donation can have on the lives of so many critically ill patients and their families. Although the tragedy of an accident or horrifying event is sometimes unbearable for the patient and the patient’s family, it may result in what some may call a â€Å"new hope† for those who are awaiting organ transplantation. EmergencyRead MoreEssay on Unraveling the Issues of Compensated Organ Donations2023 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Compensated organ donations – one of the most controversial issues we have today. The scarcity of organ donations in America is the main reason there is a sudden diversion of possible source of organs. Beginning with donations of organs from cadaver to living donors, different strategies sprung just to reduce the said shortage; as a result of this quest, sale and paid organs is one of the approaches that gathered too much attention from the public. The controversy of paid organ donations enteredRead MoreOrgan Donation : Organ Organs1054 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Donation Organ donation occurs when a failing or damaged organ, is replaced with a new organ, through a surgical operation. The two sources of organs for donation come from a deceased person and a living person. The organs that are received from a deceased person are called cadaveric organs. A person can indicate on his or her driver’s license if they want to be an organ donor after they die. There are some states that allow for family consent for organ removal, regardless if the deceasedRead MoreSelling Human Organs10012 Words   |  41 PagesTERM PAPER RESEARCH : Selling Human Organs ARTICLE 1 : Should people be allowed to sell their organs? Currently, exchanging organs for money or other valuable considerations is illegal, but some members of the medical and business communities would like to change that. One of those is the American Medical Associations influential Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Convinced that the balance of moral and ethical concerns favors the ability to sell organs, they would like the laws to changeRead MoreOrgan Supply Vs Organ Demand : Ethical Issues That Arise1727 Words   |  7 PagesDebra Berry English 102-1417 23 June 2015 Organ Supply vs Organ Demand: Ethical Issues that arise Organ donation has the power to change a life ending incident into a life giving one. Throughout the United States many patients are suffering due to the lack of a vital organ, because there is more demand than supply of organs, many patients die without ever receiving one. Although organ donation saves many lives, there have been questions in regards to ethics that surround it. People are even making

Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child Free Essays

Pudd’nhead Wilson and   The House of Mirth are both tragedies which concentrate on the miseries of women who are the victims of either their own expectations or the society’s expectations of them. In true Twain tradition, Pudd’nhead Wilson deals with the tragedy, thickly laced with his characteristic satire. It is believed that Twain wrote this during one of his dark periods in life when he was going through pessimism created by his financial debacles. We will write a custom essay sample on Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child or any similar topic only for you Order Now The protagonist of the work, Roxy is a slave who can pass of as a white (though she is one sixteenth black). And she is brave. â€Å"Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear – not absence of fear.† ( Twain, 36) In order to create a better life for her son, she exchanges him at birth with the son of her white master. But as fate would have it, her son turns out to be unworthy of the white man’s inheritance and his life goes astray. He even sells her forcibly to a white man in exchange for his gambling debts. In the House of Mirth, Edith Barton takes the readers through the life of highly desirable Lily bart, who sabotages the prospects of many suitors only to find herself decline into squalid dinginess, only to die of a sleeping draught overdose (perhaps accidentally). Most of the novel is the pursuit of money. â€Å"Society is a revolving body which is apt to be judged according to its place in each man’s heaven;† (Wharton, Chapter 4, Book I) Lily suffers because of two factors. She is incapable of following her heart and removing money as a vital point of the equation, therefore she suffers the constant heartburn of rejection. She is also not completely efficient in her manipulation of the society around her that she is not entrenched enough to counter the allegations of Bertha against her (of adultery with her husband) Paradoxically, both novels deal with freedom and slavery. While Twain deals with literal slavery and the lengths to which a mother, Roxy can go to ensure that her son escapes the clutches of slavery that she suffers, Barton talks about slavery to the pursuit of money. In the house of mirth, Lily starts feeling free when she has money and starts feeling enslaved when she does not have sufficient money. But the irony is she is always enslaved to the concept of money. Human folly led by social pressures and an inability to follow one’s heart are the causes of the tragedy of Lily, while several unfortunate incidents that start with a noble intention form the crux of Roxy’s tragedy. She is freed by her white master whom she deceives by exchanging her son with his and she is again sold off by her own son who does not know the truth. This is one of the best dramatic and tragic elements used by Twain in any of his works. Perhaps the most glaring similarity between the two novels is the way in which debts ruin a person’s judgment and lead him/her progressively towards more dreaded consequences. Lily’s unintentional debt to Gus when she starts being lavish imagining the money he gives her to be her own returns from the stock market marks the beginning of her end. Similarly â€Å"Tom† gambles heavily and this leads him into finding shadier and indirect means to repay these debts, resulting in a murder of his own uncle. In spite of the fact that neither Edith Wharton nor Mark Twain try overtly to convey any message to the readers, both these novels work as a danger signal posts which need to be looked out for to avoid any pitfalls related to monetary judgment and human judgment as a whole. Works Cited Twain, Mark. Pudd’nhead Wilson. NewYork: Courier Dover Publication, 1999 Wharton, Edith. The House of Mirth. NewYork: Norton, 1990 How to cite Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child, Essay examples

What Makes Literature “Good” Essay Sample free essay sample

Literature can be written in legion ways ; some people prefer novels and some may prefer cartoon strips. The inquiry is. what makes that piece of literature good? The reply to this inquiry is wholly subjective. Think about some of your favourite books and why you love them so much. By comparing your favourite books. there may be some similarities coming up once more and once more as you think about what you loved about them. These similarities involve pragmatism ; no affair if you are reading phantasy or paranormal. there should be some elements of world to do the narrative credible. The characters of the book make a connexion that makes you stand behind the characters determinations. The secret plan is the â€Å"make-up† ideal in all narratives to build the narrative that you love so much. With the three major plants we have studied this semester ( Hamlet. Sarahs’ Key. and Fifth Business ) . Fifth Business is the overall best piece of literature because it consist of pragmatism. sympathetic characters and a secret plan full of enigma that forms the complete journey. The drama Hamlet. written by Shakespeare. was a hapless representation of credibility. sympathetic characters and a secret plan that makes readers want to go on reading. It is a narrative that represents award and retaliation. The emotion of the novel is over-exaggerated. therefor take downing the relatable factor. The shade appears to Hamlet and Tells Hamlet to seek retaliation for his fathers’ slaying. Although the shade shows personal traits it is non credible that Hamlet would merely be convinced to perpetrate himself to overtly violent actions from a character that he merely met. With all the speedy premises and deficiency of idea before killing. it makes the narrative unrealistic. The chief characters Hamlet. Claudius and Gertrude show traits of a hero. scoundrel and everything in between. The likability is missing in all of these characters because it is impossible to travel along and endorse up their bizarre determinations. They behave headlong and impetuously to a point where linking with the characters is hard and unreasonable. The secret plan is hard to follow therefor devising in improbable to desire to go on reading. For some unknown grounds. months pass with no retaliation. Retaliation should be simple. if you really carry through it. which Hamlet did non. All he manages to make is travel insane. which is complicated on its ain. but more when you are non certain if he is forging it. All in all the drama Hamlet. written by Shakespeare. is a narrative about award and retaliation that has a hapless representation of credibility. sympathetic characters and a secret plan that makes readers want to go on reading. Sarah’s Key. written by Tatiana de Rosnay. was non the best piece of literature. This novel is about an American journalist’s contemporary probe into the Vel’ d’Hiv Roundup in Paris France of 1942. The beleivabiliy of the historical context of the book is surely achieved and capturing and the issue raised in the narrative is still fascinating. Nevertheless. one time Sarah’s full narrative is revealed. the book loses power and we are left with the dull life crisis that the storyteller is faced with. She lets the people around her direct her ideas doing it difficult to endorse up her determinations. Most of the characters in the novel are stereotyped and unlifelike cut outs that don’t suit the undertaking of finding good and evil. For illustration. when Joshua ( Julia’s Editor ) confesses that she has left out one whole side of Sarah’s narrative. he might every bit good be depicting the novel. This doesn’t speak of the duty and guilt in any meaningful manner. The secret plan is weak for the fact that the confrontations and falling action are non what the reader might expect finally leaves the reader feeling unsated and defeated. In the terminal. Sarahs’ Key doesn’t to the full consist of pragmatism. sympathetic characters and a secret plan full of enigma that forms the complete and thrilling journey. The novel. Fifth Business. written by Davies Robertson is the overall best piece of literature because it consists of pragmatism. sympathetic characters and a secret plan full of enigma that forms the complete journey. The novel is credible because it maintains a strong sense of honestness throughout. The tone that is from the narrators’ position ( Dunny Ramsay ) has been described as a mix of sarcasm and love affair. It is the voice of a middle-aged adult male who has had an unusual life and is explicating it in an indifferent manner. which makes the reader trust that the world of the narrative is right. He explains the good and the bad about himself and others. Nothing is perfect the imperfectnesss add a relatable component in the narrative that is being told. Defects are necessary in doing the characters non merely credible but sympathetic every bit good. The characters have defects to demo greater deepnesss and emotions than the reader imagined. In this novel. the characte rs have a certain function they play like Dunny being the fifth concern. significance he functions as the gum that holds other people together. Every character in the book has a function whether it is the scoundrel or the hero. All the characters grow and change of course. with their imperfectnesss. which make them sympathetic. and easy to understand the determinations they make. The secret plan keeps the reader captivated and intrigued so much that it is difficult to set the book down. The secret plan is filled with enigma and suspense. particularly when you are seeking to find if Percys’ decease was slaying or a self-destruction. This is the sort of secret plan that makes this book such a good piece of literature because it ties in all the parts in the novel for you to find the stoping. With a spot of enigma and suspense it makes us even more captive in the narrative. This is why the novel. Fifth Business is the overall best piece of literature because it consists of pragmatism. sympathetic characters and a secret plan full of enigma that forms the complete journey. Literature that contains pragmatism ; no affair if you are reading phantasy or paranormal can do the narrative credible which makes a book considered â€Å"good† . The characters of the book make a connexion that makes you stand behind the characters determinations and he secret pl an is the â€Å"make-up† ideal in all narratives to build the narrative that you love so much. Without all these features. many books can be gratifying but non a great piece of literature. Fifth Business is the overall best piece of literature compared to the fresh Hamlet. and the fresh Sarahs’ Key. It consists of pragmatism. sympathetic characters and a secret plan full of enigma that forms the complete journey.

The importance of encouraging children free essay sample

1.Raised garden bed in the outside area with compost, spades and seeds with watering cans 2.CD for the children with a selection of musical activities, such as movement and action songs, action rhymes and story cds with books available to read along with the CD. 3.Story sacks, to enable the child to re-enact in their own way with props a story. 4.musical instruments, including drums, shakers, tambourines, xylophones, boomwhakers, triangles and recorders, to enable the children to express themselves 5.Paper, pens, paint, scissors and different texture papers, materials and other scrap items. Boxes to junk model. 6.Large cardboard boxes and tubes, enabling the children to use them in imaginary play as anything they want them to be, such as a bus, a boat, a plane etc. 7.ribbons and scarfs to allow the children to dance to music using the ribbons and scarf to express themselves. 8.Using the ICT equipment to use computer programs and games. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of encouraging children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9.Baking and cooking and preparing fruit snacks, such as biscuits or fruit kebabs 10.Circle spots to use as stepping stones and create stories along the way. 3.3Explain the importance of encouraging carers to support children and young peoples’ creative activities It is important for carers to support children and young people’s creative activities as it helps the child learn and develop in a different was from in the school setting. It is important that children are set boundaries, but are also free to explore and have unstructured time to be spontaneous and imaginative. If the carer has an interest in cooking, or gardening drawing or painting, encourage the child to join in the interest to encourage their creative thinking. It helps both carer and child to explore different opportunities and will help to build self confidence and self esteem. If the child sees that their parent/carer enjoys learning through an activity and is enjoying it, then they see it as a positive experience and it will help them to develop a positive attitude towards learning new things. 4.1Explain the importance of spending creative time with children and young people and the benefits that can result It is important to spend creative time with children as it shows a child how you can work together as a team. It also produces many chances to talk about the activity and open ended questions can be asked by the adult to engage the child further and to extend the activity. By the adult spending quality time with the child a bond is formed and the learning experience is enjoyed more by the child having an adult engaging in an activity with them. Children are also able to ask questions and will further their development.

Definition and Examples of Logical Fallacies

Definition and Examples of Logical Fallacies A Fallacy is an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid: A fallacious argument is a defective argument, says Michael F. Goodman, and  a fallacy is  the defect in the argument itself. . . . Any argument committing one of the informal fallacies is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow conclusively from the premise(s) (First Logic, 1993). Observations on Fallacy In logic and the generalized study of reasoning, there are generally understood to be such things as good reasoning and bad reasoning. Typically, bad reasoning is characterized by falling into one or more of the classically compiled logical fallacies. A logical fallacy is simply a failure of logic. Arguments that are said to be fallacious have gaping holes or misleading leaps in their structure and reasoning.(J. Meany and K. Shuster, Art, Argument, and Advocacy. IDEA, 2002)An informal fallacy is an attempt at making a logical argument where there’s a failure in the reasoning itself. This can stem from a number of causes, such as the misapplication of words and phrases, or misunderstandings based on inappropriate assumptions. Illogical sequences in an argument can also cause informal fallacies. While informal fallacies can result in inaccurate arguments and false conclusions, that doesn’t mean they can’t be very persuasive.(Russ Alan Prince, How To Bolster Your Ne gotiations With Informal  Fallacies. Forbes, June 7, 2015) Deceptions A fallacy is so conceived that if an argument exhibits a fallacy, it is probably a bad one, but if the argument exhibits no such violation, it is a good one.Fallacies are mistakes in reasoning that do not seem to be mistakes. Indeed, part of the etymology of the word fallacy comes from the notion of deception. Fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments. That perhaps explains why we are so often misled by them.(T. Edward Damer, Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 2001) Violations [O]ne clear sense of fallacy that we will encounter will involve a shift away from the correct direction in which an argumentative dialogue is progressing. By various means, an arguer may impede the other party from making her point or may attempt to draw the discussion off track. In fact, one popular modern approach to understanding fallacious reasoning is to see it as involving violations of rules that should govern disputes so as to ensure that they are well conducted and resolved. This approach, put forward by [Frans] van Eemeren and [Rob] Grootendorst in several works, goes by the name of pragma-dialectics. Not only is each of the traditional fallacies understood as a violation of a discussion rule, but new fallacies emerge to correspond to other violations once we focus on this way of conducting arguments.(Christopher W. Tindale, Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: FAL-eh-see Also Known As: logical fallacy, informal fallacy Etymology:From the Latin, deceive Etymology:From the Latin, deceive

How to Travel Like a Geologist

How to Travel Like a Geologist Geology is everywhere- even where you already are. But to learn more deeply about it, you dont have to actually become a field geologist to get the true hard-core experience. There are at least five other ways you can visit the land under a geologists guidance. Four are for the few, but the fifth way- geo-safaris- is an easier way for the many. 1. Field Camp Geology students have field camps, run by their colleges. For those you have to be enrolled in the degree program. If youre getting a degree, make sure you experience these expeditions, because these are where faculty members do the real work of imparting their science to students. The websites of college geoscience departments often have photo galleries from field camps. Theyre hard work and very rewarding. Even if you never put your degree to use, youll gain from this experience. 2. Research Expeditions Sometimes you can join working geoscientists on a research expedition. For example, when I was with the U.S. Geological Survey I had the good fortune to ride along on several research cruises along the southern coast of Alaska. Many in the USGS bureaucracy had this same opportunity, even some people without geology degrees. Some of my own memories and photos are in the Alaska geology list. 3. Science Journalism Another avenue is to be a really good science journalist. Those are the folks who get invited to places like Antarctica or the Ocean Drilling Program to write books or stories for glossy magazines. These are not jaunts or junkets: everyone, writer and scientist, works hard. But money and programs are available for those in the right position. For a recent example, visit writer Marc Airharts journal from the cenotes of Zacatà ³n, Mexico, on geology.com. 4. Professional Field Trips For professional geoscientists, the most fun are the special field trips that are organized around major scientific meetings. These happen in the days before and after a meeting, and all are led by professionals for their peers. Some are serious tours of things like research sites on the Hayward fault, while others are lighter fare like the geologic tour of Napa Valley wineries I took one year. If you can join the right group, like the Geological Society of America, youre in.   5. Geo-Safaris and Tours For those first four options, you basically have to have a job in the business or be lucky enough to be near the action. But safaris and tours in the worlds great countrysides, led by eager geologists, are for the rest of us. A geo-safari, even a short day trip, will fill you with sights and knowledge, and all you need to do in return is pay some money. Ive built a list of these geo-safaris, and it has a wide range. You can ride a small bus to the mines and villages of Mexico collecting minerals- or do the same in China; you can dig up real dinosaur fossils in Wyoming; you can see the San Andreas fault close up in the California desert. You can get dirty with real spelunkers in Indiana, trek upon the volcanoes of New Zealand, or tour the classic sites of Europe described by the first generation of modern geologists. Some are a nice side-trip if youre in the region whereas others are pilgrimages, to be prepared for like the life-changing experiences they truly are. Many, many safari sites promise that youll experience the geologic wealth of the region, but unless they feature a professional geologist in the group I tend to leave them off the list. That doesnt mean youll learn nothing on those safaris, only that theres no guarantee youll really get a geologists insight into what you see. The Payoff And geological insight is a rich reward that youll take home with you. Because as your eye opens, so does your mind. Youll gain a better appreciation of your own localitys geologic features and resources. Youll have more things to show off to visitors (in my case, I can give you a geo-tour of Oakland). And through heightened awareness of the geologic setting you live in- its limitations, its possibilities and possibly its geoheritage- youll inevitably become a better citizen.Finally, the more you know, the more things you can do on your own.

Managment and Cost Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managment and Cost Accounting - Essay Example Since the costs of direct material and overheads are not determined accurately, there is a big risk that company might not produce competitive bids and unreasonably high prices are quoted to the insurance company. Therefore it is highly recommended that firstly the entity should classify accurately the costs associated with the product into fixed and variable. Secondly, actual charge is (should be) considered rather than standard costs, as it should be able to measure its actual cost of production. It is recommended that entity should consider using marginal costing method as it will allow the management to derive more relevant & important information for the purpose of decision-making. Information such as Contribution per unit, Break Even Sales (in units & value), Net Profit per unit and total can be of significant value to the management. In the era where companies are moving towards modern and world class business principles and reporting methodologies, there has been, since three decades, a significant debate on the validity of traditional absorption costing method in today’s decision making process. What are relevant costs when taking decisions relating to increasing the velocity of operating cycle and what are costs that are relevant solely when consideration is given to company objectives, goals and strategies? (Samford University, School of Business, Birmingham, Alabama, USA) We at William & Co. Consultants have made a feasibility study on the implications and benefits of implementing throughput accounting at BITE ME. "Throughput Accounting provides managers with a fresh set of eyes to identify and control bottlenecks. The drum, buffer, and rope will become part of the cost accounting lexicon in the future†, says Geoffrey Garland, Controller, StacoSwitch, Inc. (Steven Bragg). Throughput Accounting (TA) is a comprehensive management accounting approach which provides decision support information to managers

Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Literary Analysis - Essay Example Spayde (1998) further adds that formal training is a vital necessity, however power and class simultaneously plays significant role in the sector of education. For instance, the graduates from world class universities like Stanford and Harvard would be offered the designations at workplace to prepare the work schedules for those who have acquired their degree from a not so famous, regional college. The eminent journalist and novelist, Earl Shorris (Spayde, 1998, p.67) realized the flaws of the modern educational system and took initiative for starting up an Ivy League adult education course which was meant for the â€Å"Asians, whites, blacks and Hispanics† (p.67). On the first day of his lecture, Shorris (Spayde, 1998, p.67) addressed his students and let them know that â€Å"humanities† is not just a subject to be studied by the Rich strata of the society. The term â€Å"Humanities† embraces the entire world and its people. The concept of humanities teaches the students how to live, how to think and how to enjoy life. The subject enriches the readers by providing them a new perspective towards life. Spayde (1998) further recognizes several misconceptions about the term â€Å"education†. He states that â€Å"training† at a local computer school is an option considered suitable for the poor Americans. However technical training inevitably tur ns out to be obsolete after a few years. Spayde (1998) argues that â€Å"education† is nothing but a dialogue which carries different meanings for different societies. The present concept of education is merely making the students suitable for fighting the â€Å"global competitiveness† but Spayde (1998) states that despite of possessing specialized skills, these contemporary graduates lack â€Å"intellectual breadth† (p.68) which can only be learnt by the practice of humanities. The professor of environmental studies of Oberlin College defines the recent trend of

What Christians believe about life is up to them Essay Example for Free

What Christians believe about life is up to them Essay AO3: What Christians believe about life is up to them. They should not try to make others accept their position Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have given more than one point of view. Refer to Christianity in your answer One can understand why one might agree, because of free will. We are allowed to make our own rational choices, the story of Adam and Eve illustrates this belief. However, those choices have to be made wisely and they may not only affect the individual but also affect others and society (Abortion and Euthanasia). God have given us many teachings about life, in the bible and he has told us that every person is an individual and is unique therefore giving us all the right to make our own interpretations about life. Nevertheless, he also tells us that we must spread the word of God, this means the beliefs and the teaching of the gospels about the sanctity of life, and you shall not kill so what Christians belief about life is not up to them In the ten commandment they set down a set of rules and in these rules there is a rule which states that one shall not kill this means that people must belief that life is special (no matter what someone may individually think) and must be protected at all costs, like the Catechist teaching. However, the Quakers have no such rules and believe that each person has their own unique situation and that they will be guided by the Holy Spirit, to make the right decision. So that they can make their own decisions about life. A general belief by many Christians is that one should show care and compassion for all non-Christians, even those who are weak in society, unborn or dying. However, one cannot force this view on anyone because the Sanhedrin in the New Testament tried to force their beliefs on Jesus, and he rejected the legalistic approach of the Pharisees and Scribes. But, Jesus challenged these approaches and then was murdered by crucifixion by the Sanhedrin and the Romans. He disputed the authority and was murdered and so we should dispute the authority of the Pope and his archbishops and bishops. They must not make an ill-advised decision on life. Beliefs about life and death affect God, temple of the holy spirit and image and likeness of God. Even though some may argue that beliefs are personal, God is living in us and so he must have a say in the decision. Our society is not longer exclusively Christian and so we cannot make others subscribe to Christian beliefs. This is may seem a very even case but I am certain that people must be able to make their own decisions and not be told what to do. I disagree with this statement and believe that the public in general must also disagree. This is why dictatorship was not at all popular and democracy is. Martin Luther King was man who made his own decisions about life. He believed that all people we equal, and so he made a decision and changed the way we humans live for eternity. Although, the bible may seem out of date with the current times and so we must make decisions based on the modern understanding of what is being written.

hydropower :: essays research papers

Renewable Energy (Hydropower) The first time hydropower was used was in 1880 to generate 16 lamps at a wolverine chair factory in Grand Rapids Michigan. In the United States, hydroelectric plants opened near Appleton, Wisconsin on the Fox River on September 30, 1882. At that time, the only fuel used to make electricity was coal because of its abundance and low cost. People knew about hydroelectric power but the only places you could do that is by a water source. Hydropower became more popular when technology could send electricity long distances. To make hydropower, you have to direct moving water into pipes known as penstock. The swiftly flowing water in big rivers determines the energy produced or waterfalls, like the Columbia River or Niagara Falls. After the moving water is directed into the penstock, it pushes against the blades in the turbine to spin a generator that produces electricity. The other way to get hydropower is a storage system where water is collected by dams and will direct water into the penstock to turn the generator when the demand for electricity is high. The water being held back by the dam becomes lakes used for boating and fishing. The rivers beyond the dam become whitewater rafting and kayaking spots. An example of this is the Hoover dam, made in 1936 between Arizona and Nevada. This dam created lake 110 miles long called Lake Mead, offering water sports and fishing. Almost all of the hydroelectricity made in the United States is made in nine states, Washington, California, Oregon, New York, Tennessee, South Carolina, South Dakota, Arkansas, and Nevada. Hydropower is an ideal fuel because it is renewable and almost free, having no waste products, and does not pollute the water or air. A negative about hydropower is how it changes the environment and alters the natural habitats. An example of the negative effect on nature by a dam was when the salmon was blocked from their spawning grounds upstream.

King Claudius is one of the most interesting characters Essay

King Claudius is one of the most interesting characters in William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet. He is a man who is always preoccupied with maintaining his own power, rather than protecting his country, Denmark, from danger. Act IV is one of the most significant acts in Hamlet as it shows us how Claudius really thinks. In this act, we get a taste of Claudius’s malevolent taste and his obsession with power. Claudius is thus one of the more significant characters in this act, as this is where we see how his mind works and how he goes to extremes to regain his control over his people and the events that have recently occurred. One of the ways that Claudius maintains his power is by using other people to his own advantage, namely Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two indistinguishable courtiers who obey the Claudius’s every command. Claudius also uses them as his own personal spies, which is another good example of how he uses them to his own advantage. Hamlet reflects upon this in one of the best quotes in the play that properly describe Rosencrantz and Guildenstern: Besides, to be demanded a sponge! †¦ that soaks up the king’s countenance, his rewards, his authorities:†¦ when he needs what you have gleaned, it is but squeezing you, and, sponge, you shall be dry again. 1 In this quote, Hamlet describes Rosencrantz and Guildenstern as â€Å"sponges. † This is quite a good comparison since sponges soak up water and then are re-used once they are squeezed, while Rosencrantz and Guildenstern gather up vital information for the king and then are re-used once their information is shared with the king. Another example of how Claudius attempts to regain control over the affairs occurring in Denmark is when Polonius is murdered by Hamlet. When Claudius hears about the murder, he begins to think politically in the way that the murder might ruin his kingship. He realizes that to solve this issue without threatening his position would require much work and skill: â€Å"We must, with all our majesty and skill, / Both countenance and excuse. â€Å"2 Claudius, realizing that Hamlet’s original intent was actually to murder him3, decides to send Hamlet immediately to England in hope that the English king would murder him under Claudius’s request. This can be considered as a good example of how Claudius is obsessed with maintaining his political power. Since Claudius is now aware of Hamlet’s vengeful state, sending Hamlet to England may be considered as a good way to keep Hamlet away from Claudius. Another good reason to why Claudius sends Hamlet to be murdered in England and not in Denmark is because of fear of losing his political power. If Claudius decides to kill Hamlet, both Gertrude and the people of Denmark will hate him as they both love Hamlet very much, and thus, his kingship will be at stake. Yet must not we put the strong law on him: He’s loved of the distracted multitude, Who like not in their judgment, but their eyes; And where ’tis so, the offender’s scourge is weigh’d But never the offence. To bear all smooth and even, This sudden sending him away must seem Deliberate pause†¦ 4 Another example of how Claudius regains his control over the events occurring in this act is when Laertes returns demanding to know who had killed his father. Claudius does not tell Laertes the culprit in front of Gertrude, fearing that she would turn against him. Instead, he decides to tell Laertes behind her back. It is at this time that Claudius and Laertes are informed that pirates have returned Hamlet to Denmark, this gives Claudius a chance to strike a deal with Laertes: If Claudius lets Laertes kill Hamlet, then Laertes will be under Claudius’s command. This is a bigger advantage for Claudius as it gets rid of Hamlet without affecting his kingship, and it keeps Laertes under his command. My lord, I will be ruled: The rather, if you could devise it so That I might be the organ. 5 Claudius thinks up a foolproof plan to murder Hamlet. He suggests that a fencing match be held between Laertes and Hamlet, with the exception of a sharpened sword given to Laertes rather than a blunt sword. He also adds that if Hamlet were to win, Claudius would give him a poisoned drink as congratulations to his victory. †¦ And he calls for drink, I’ll have prepared him A chalice for the nonce; wherepon but sipping, If he by chance escape your venom’d stuck, Our purpose may hold here. 6. This particular scene is extremely significant as it shows the reader how truly malevolent Claudius is and how far he would go to maintain his power. Claudius is one of the most important characters in Hamlet. He is a character of true power and hatred, who would go to any extreme just to maintain his power and his kingship. His obsession with absolute power is greatly portrayed in Act IV of Hamlet, making it one of the most important and vivid acts in the play. 1 William Shakespeare, Hamlet (Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada Ltd, 1988), IV.ii. 13, 16-16, 20-22. 2 William Shakespeare, Hamlet (Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada Ltd, 1988), IV. i. 31-33. 3 William Shakespeare, Hamlet (Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada Ltd, 1988), IV. i. 13 4 William Shakespeare, Hamlet (Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada Ltd, 1988), IV. iii. 3-9. 5 William Shakespeare, Hamlet (Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada Ltd, 1988), IV. vii. 69-71. 6 William Shakespeare, Hamlet (Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada Ltd, 1988), IV. vii. 160-163.

Chris Mccandless Essay

People travel into the wild prepared to face the worst; they do not want to encounter a deadly situation. The man in Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire† went into the cold prepared for nothing, he felt that he was above nature and it could not affect him. Chris McCandless in Jon Krakauer’s â€Å"Into The Wild† went into the wild unprepared for the conditions he was about to face. As a person who read the writings of Jack London, his death seems somewhat ironic. â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London brings out the irony even more, we see how London wrote and how it relates to how Chris died. Chris McCandless is a person who did not believe in rules of society. He believed that he was above rules. He even felt he could defeat nature; he went into the wild expecting to come out alive while he lived on what nature gave him. â€Å"Alaska has long been a magnet for dreamers and misfits, people who think the unsullied enormity of the Last Frontier will patch all the holes in their lives† (Krakauer, 6). This is exactly what Chris was trying to do when he went into the Alaskan wilderness. He wanted to escape the rules and suffering he faced in society. Jim Gallien recalled, â€Å"He wasn’t carrying anywhere near as much food and gear as you’d expect a guy to be carrying for that kind of trip† (Krakauer, 5). The man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† went to go meet his friends in the cold with nothing to protect him or keep him warm except the clothes on his back, and a dog that accompanied him. Chris and the man both went into the wilderness underprepared for the challenges they would face. Chris read Jack London throughout his life, he knew about his stories and this is how he learned about the beauty of the Alaskan wilderness, but as he read he should have also learned of the dangers. Even though he read these stories by Jack London he still went into the wild unprepared. Chris McCandless spent most of his life in a warm climate. He was born in California, grew up in Virginia, and went to college in Georgia. Chris has never experienced anything relatively close to the Alaskan climate. Through reading stories about people experiencing the Alaskan wilderness Chris should have learned about the dangers that people faced in the cold temperature. The man was not scared of the cold at all, he felt as if he was above it and ended up dying. This shows the dangers of undermining the climate of the north and Chris did the same. He tried to live off of the land that was barren. The man was not concerned with â€Å"the absence of sun from the sky, the tremendous cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it all—made no impression on the man† (London). The man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† was a representation of rational thinking, and how people in society believe mankind is more powerful than the world. This thinking was evident in Chris’s life. He felt that he was above the laws of the government. He did what he wanted, â€Å"On December 2, he reached the Morelos Dam and the Mexican border. Worried that he would be denied entry because he was carrying no identification, he sneaked into Mexico by paddling through the dam’s open floodgates and shooting the spillway below† (Krakauer, 25). There are resemblances between the qualities of the man and Chris McCandless. Chris’s death was not ironic but the reason he died was ironic. To Build a Fire† is a story about a man who is a very rational thinker who died because he felt he was better than nature and it could not kill him, the dog he traveled with lived because it relied on instincts. Chris went into the wild with a mindset similar to this man’s mindset. This is what brought out the irony of Chris’s death, he was an avid reader of Jack London and by reading his stories he should have been able to conclude that in order to survive in this climate he needed to be more prepared for difficult situations than he was.

The Most Powerful Nation on the Planet

The Most Powerful Nation on the Planet Introduction The recent scientific and technological developments in China have attracted a lot of attention in the international forum. The country’s economy is growing at an extremely high rate and this means that the current advancements will surely be sustained and even made better in the future (Cooper 57).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Most Powerful Nation on the Planet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rate at which the country’s power is increasing with regard to science and technology has led many to conclude that China is the most powerful nation on the planet (Hughes 125). While some people think so, others have remained skeptical about any possibility of China ever becoming a superpower in the new future. This paper aims at presenting argumentative evidence that China is indeed the most powerful nation on the planet when it comes to science and technology while at the same time ana lyzing the arguments of the skeptics who are against that fact. China as the most powerful nation on the Planet in terms of Science and technology Early technological innovations in China With the Chinese mainland being home to the one of the oldest world civilizations, many innovations were, as a result, made in china many years before any other place (Hughes 134). Major inventions such as that of the woodblock and the movable type printing, the magnetic compass, the cast iron and the iron plough, propeller, crossbow, gunpowder among others were made in China many centuries ago (Hughes 135). The major discoveries made in Europe came in the16th century during the scientific revolution, which was very late in relation to the inventions made in China. Science and technology had, however, stagnated in China and many years passed without any significant discoveries and inventions being made. The condition worsened further at the formation of the People’s Republic of China under t he leadership of Mao Zedong and the introduction of communism (Jasanoff 43). In other parts of the world, major scientific discoveries and inventions were being done and perfected while China stagnated. The leadership of Deng Xiaoping in the 1980s set the pace for the current scientific and technological excellence in China. Because of this, the excellence of China and the claim of being the world’s most powerful nation can be defended through considering both the input and the out sides (Lovell 562).Advertising Looking for thesis on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More China as a Science and Technology (ST) superpower Among the many striking features of science and technology trends in China is the high level of commitment that the political class and the Chinese people are giving to science and technology (Jing 5). The elite commitment and support, as well as the popular enthusiasm, are considered a lot by those who are interpreting China’s achievements in the field and as a result award it a superpower status. In order to understand these sentiments, it is important for the modern Chinese quest in the fields of science and technology to be reflected upon briefly. The technological superiority of the Western powers in the and Japan since the 19th century contributed to national humiliations in china which contributed to the desire by the Chinese people to venture actively into the fields of science and technology (Kong, and Agron 127). Political leaders in China since the 1920s embraced the idea that in order to achieve the dream of the ‘wealthy and powerful’ china, modern science and industry needed to be effectively developed. Wars, revolutions and political extremism, however, constantly frustrated China’s efforts of making it globally in the fields of science and technology during the twentieth century. The last three decades have been the best period i n China as far as developments in science and technology are concern. This is mostly since the year 1978 to this day. The political stability, steady growth in the country’s economy, positive reforms in the national institutions and participation in the global forum through the productive engagements with the international society are factors that have led to the rapid growth in science and technology in China to achieve the position of the most powerful nation in the world (Kynge 214). Within that short period, China has managed to achieve the scientific and technological development that has been elusive for over a century. Political elites, as well as the public, have played significant roles in ensuring that the conditions that have ensured the rapid growth in the status of the country and maintained and further developments made. Among the important conditions, which both the general Chinese society and the political elites have sought to provide is financial support. Th e county’s spending on research and development has risen from 0.6% in the year 1996 to 1.82% in the year 2011 (Jeng 6).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Most Powerful Nation on the Planet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This figure places China ahead of many countries that are considered powers in terms of scientific and technological developments such as Russia and the OECD countries. This spending figure places China in the class of the most superior nations of the world such as the USA and the fact that the figure is predicted to be more than 2.5% by the year 2020 means that China is expected to top the chart (Jeng 7). The fact that china exhibits high levels of cultivation of human resources and the support of science education (Jing 15) is proof that China stands as the most powerful nation in the world (Jing 14). Because of this, there is an apparent wealth of talent in China. For instance, a surv ey conducted in China in the year 2006 revealed that, among the 1.5 million workers in china, 1.2 million of them were scientists and engineers (Jing 15). In addition, there were about eight million students in the institutions of higher learning. Most of them took science and technology courses such as engineering, medicine, agriculture among others. During the same year, about 20,000 doctorates in the fields of science and engineering were offered which by then placed China in the third position after the US and Russia (Jing 15). The ‘Science Diaspora’ and the ‘brain circulation’ programs have played a significant role in the development of science and technology in China. There are programs that encourage the interaction of the Chinese scientists with those working at home to ensure that the science industry in China is at par with the rest of the world (Jing 15). A conglomeration of these trends has resulted to the transformation of Science and technolo gy industry in China making it younger, results oriented, very productive and extremely cosmopolitan an inline with the world’s prevailing trends in science and technology. The elite commitment in the revitalization of science and technology institutions has ensured that China claims the recently highly ranked position on the planet as far as science and technology is concerned (Jaime 2). Hundreds of government research institutes have been reorganized and underpinned, therefore, revitalizing the RD in the business sector (Jaime 2). For instance, in the recent times, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been strengthened as part of the Knowledge Innovation Program (KIP). Chinese universities have been reoriented to assume a global outlook, therefore, becoming very important centers of science and technology excellence. The Chinese government has also made massive reforms in the county’s economic policies, therefore, making it possible for foreign investors and multi-nat ional organizations to establish RD activities in the country (Jeng 12). These activities have resulted to the widening of the Chinese technical community to a point whereby it has claimed excellence. In fact, the existing RD activities in China that are sponsored by multi-nationals and foreign investors were more than 1200 by the year 2008 (Jeng 12). These commitments by the MNCs have reinforced the role of China as a very important ‘node of innovation’ in the global arena.Advertising Looking for thesis on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The introduction of the MLP in the year 2006 marks another important effort of the political elite in China in an effort to achieve and sustain power in the fields of science and technology (Li, and Richard 22). The plans have been since then considered as a manifesto aimed at supporting the Science and Technology superpower status that the Chinese Republic currently enjoys. The plan also advocates for China to become an â€Å"innovation oriented society† by the wake of 2020 (Kong, and Agron 130). By such time, it has been predicted that China will have significantly reduced its reliance on foreign technological expertise and will, as a result, be an independent leader in science and engineering. With most of the above claims being in the form of inputs that have ensured that China is considered a global leader in terms of science of technology, there are other claims in the form of the outputs or the achievements that China has done so far which acts as proof of its leadersh ip (Suttmejer 320). Among the major outputs or the significant technological achievements, which China has made so far is its space program. These achievements have brought China in the lime light as one among the few nations of the world that have mustered the sophisticated technologies and integrated them into a complex system. China recently launched the unmanned Tiangong- 1 or the ‘Heavenly Palace’ from China’s Jiuquan Launch Centre (Jaime 22). This marked one of the most significant achievements of China’s technological and scientific ambitions. By the year 2007, China was the world’s leading technocracy (a nation ruled by engineers and scientists who hold the belief that it is only through achieving new technologies that the country can achieve social and economic progress) (Kong, and Agron 135). The innovation system employed by the Chinese may be having its shortcomings, but the fact remains that it has excelled greatly through the rapid res ource mobilization. Most of those who doubt the quality of the Chinese inventions are simply skeptic and engulfed in ignorance according to Yang (21). This is because their doubts are continuously being proven wrong through the highest quality and they are simply finding others to keep the arguments going ahead. The rapid increase in patenting activities in China is another proof that it is the most powerful nation on the planet with regard to scientific and technological innovations. In fact, the country ranks highest when it comes to the production of scientific literature such as SCI indexed papers, EI and ISTP papers (Wong 14). Scientific research and development has produced the best and the most reliable results in China recently considering the rate at which reports of such research activities have inspired new inventions. China has also achieved leadership when it comes to the high-technology exports, which also serve as proof that the nation has already achieved the superpo wer status. In addition to this, China’s domestic market has growth substantially with the penetration of IT suggesting the powerful market pull that will definitely trigger domestic innovations. The Chinese society has become connected by the latest information technology more than any other society in the world. In the wake of 2010, China scientists developed the world’s fastest supercomputer as well as the fastest train (Yang 26). Most of the criticism that the superpower thesis in China faces from skeptics is based on the questions concerning the quality of the research and development ventures that China has indulged in (Yang 12). Most of the critics argue from the grounds of whether or not the money that is used to fund the research and development activities in China is being well spent. The government ensures that there is unquestionable transparency in accounting for the money that is intended to benefit the Chinese technical community. Commissions are formed that ensure that the money is utilized for the planned purposes and the success of such commissions can be seen through the success that the ventures are achieving especially through the output (Yang 36). In a variety of measures, the achievements that China has made in science and technology within the past thirty years are impressive (Sigurdson 569). Political leaders in China, as opposed to those of other nations in the world who have the ambition of seeing their countries to achieving the prestige of science superpowers, pay a close attention to issues concerning research and development. Scientific and technological achievements in China are celebrated by the media more than any other place in the world with makes the entire society to feel like part of the scientific innovations. This fosters a sense of national pride and loyalty among the local people who subsequently strive to achieve more and more (Schwaag 67). China in the year 2010 made the most powerful and responsible s tatement in the world as far as the environment conservation efforts are concerned by investing more money in the production of clean energy. China hit a record of $54.4 billion for the manufacture of wind turbines, solar energy units and other forms of clean technology (Jeng 26). Conserving the environment while the other powerful nations of the world are just increasing the carbon footprint is a major achievement that with no doubt places China above all other nations that claim power in the fields of science and technology in the world. In addition, GE recently made an investment of $2 billion dollars with China in an effort to develop more environment friendly technologies and open up more job opportunities in the country (Jeng 28). Since the emergence of stem cell research in the 1990s, China has been active in the venture. The potential research aimed at coming up with treatments for diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and tissue repair (Ho 239). There are currently more than 400 researchers and Chinese experts working in that field now. These experts are spread over in over thirty institutions in the country, which provides proof of China as the nation, which has so far shown the biggest support and improvement for the research (Zing 259). There have been notable achievements so far such as the successful cloning of animal species such as cattle, goats as well as the first ever successful cloning of a rat. There have been established a network of cord blood stem banks in the whole country for both research and clinical use (Ho 243). With China being the largest nation in the world with respect to its human population, it is best placed considering the large workforce and the ready market for the technological and scientific inventions. As argued by Farrell (30), globalization results in the cities and regions competing forever over smaller niches. The most striking aspects of science and innovation strategies of both the Guangzhou a nd Shenzhen are based on how the two build the existing niches. They do this by concentrating more on how they apply science to processing and manufacturing rather than on basic science. This is generally inspired by the desire to satisfy the needs of the populations with affordable consumer products. As a result, the different science and technology cities of China have specialized in different avenues, which reduce the conflicts of interest. Cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have concentrated on basic science while others such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen concentrating entirely on the production of consumer products (Zing 458). This ensures that efforts aimed at achieving excellence from all perspectives are carried along at the same time. For instance, the two-telecom companies in Shenzhen: Huawei and ZTE are becoming serious contenders in the global telecoms arena while at the same time striving to satisfy the needs of the local community (Aho 3). Conclusion China has testified t o the world that it deserves the title of the world’s most powerful nation when it comes to science and technology. This follows the commitment that research and development activities have received in china from both the political elite and the technical community. Other outstanding inputs that China has made in developing and sustaining science and development are above what other nations of the world have done so far or are willing to do in the near future (Jeng 30). The most notable of this is the recent record that China set with regard to the investment it made in the development of clean energy and technology. The other countries of the world instead insist on using organic oils, therefore, increasing carbon footprint. China has set the pace for the other nations who dream of making it in the future of technology to follow (Schwaag 69). The rapid growth in the fields of science and technology as evidenced by the most recent achievements in space science prove chinaâ₠¬â„¢s leadership when it comes to the sophisticated science (Minder 238). The quality of Chinese innovations is par the world standards considering that most of the Chinese scientists and experts were trained in other nations in Europe and America that earlier claimed leadership in the innovations (Jeng 31). Aho, Yeh. â€Å"China lab aims to lead way in research.† Financial Times 8 Dec. 2005. Print. Cooper, Ramo. Brand China. London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2006. Print. Farrell, Daniel, and Aille Grant. â€Å"China’s looming talent shortage.† McKinsey Quarterly 4 (2005): 12-34. Print. Ho, Jia. â€Å"Controversial Chinese gene-therapy drug entering unfamiliar territory.† Nature  Reviews: Drug Discovery 5.1(2006): 235-246. Print. Hughes, Charles. Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006. Print. Jaime, Watts. â€Å"China plans first space walk in 2007.† Guardian 18 Oct 2005. Print. Jasanoff, Samuel. Designs on Nature .Princet on, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. Print. Jeng, Sung. â€Å"US$425 million to boost Chinese innovation.† SciDev.net 30 May 2006. Print. Jing, Oliver. Scientific literacy: a new strategic priority for China, 2006. Web. Kong, Dan and Agron Segal. â€Å"The siren song of technonationalism.† Far Eastern  Economic Review 169.2 (2006): 123-143. Print. Kynge, Jean. China Shakes the World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2006. Print. Li, Tonny, and Richard Florida. Talent, technological innovation and economic growth in  China. Beijing: Richard Florida Creativity Group, 2006. Print. Lovell, Jameson. The Great Wall: China against the world 1000BC–AD2000. London: Atlantic Books, 2006. Print. Minder, Richard. â€Å"Chinese poised to outstrip Europe on RD.† Financial Times 10 Oct 2005. Print. Schwaag, Serger. China: from shop floor to knowledge factory?’ in M Karlsson (ed),  The Internationalization of Corporate RD. Stockholm: IPTS, 2006. Print. Sigurdson, Jean. Technological Superpower China. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2005. Print. Suttmejer, Richard et al. Standards of Power? Technology, institutions and politics in  the development of China’s National Standards Strategy. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2006. Print. Wong, Chong. â€Å"China to build 30 new science and technology parks.† SciDev.net 19 Apr. 2006. Print. Yang, Rao, Bain Lu, and Long Tsou. â€Å"Chinese science needs a fundamental Transformation.† Nature 432 18 Nov 2004. Print. Zing, Peng. â€Å"Current status of Gendicine in China: recombinant human Ad-p53 agent for treatment of cancers.† Human Gene Therapy 16(2005): 453-467. Print.

Acting like a lady

Acting like a lady Essay So You Want To Act Like a Lady?For years women have been waxing, plucking and beautifying themselves for one reason and one reason only; because they think that is beauty. A woman is only classified as a lady if she can walk, talk and dress the part. The way that society has viewed femininity has changed immensely over the past hundred years, but acting like a tomboy or, heaven forbid, being strong and independent is looked down upon in the eyes of men and other women. Certain standards of ladylike demeanor have become outdated in todays society, and women should be looked at as beautiful when strong and independent. But what defines a woman to be ladylike, and can it be defined as a single type? I believe that standards of beauty have changed, and standing out is what will get you ahead in society today. Stereotypes of the ideal female must be brought down to work on achieving inner beauty and internal happiness. Since the 1950s, women have been seen as very dainty and sensitive creatures who are meant to be silent partners to their mates. A womans place was in the home-cooking, cleaning and watching after her children. Women were to get up every morning and prepare lunches for their breadwinning husbands, as well as wake and dress the children for school, cook breakfast, do housework and have a hot meal on the table when her husband was to return home. Women have stepped down to their traditional roles as housewife and caretaker, and it has raised many issues in society today. It was considered a womans job to be a good cook and be a whiz with a broom, in fact, it is what made them so darn attractive. Times, they are a changing. In fact, the U.S Department of Labor states that in the year 2008, women will make up 48% of the work force. That means that more women will be going to college and getting and education, as well as heading out into the workforce to make a name for themselves. Being a lady also means dressing like a lady. But since when has the portrait of a woman relied on what she wore? I have been told all my life that high heels are a womans best friend, and a true treasure is finding just your shade of lipstick. The pain that women endure for a small amount of vanity will be forever a mystery to me. Hours spent in the bathroom with irons, curlers, pokers, prodders, waxes and powders, and for what? So you can pretend you enjoy it and wake up the next morning and do it all again. The first test in becoming ladylike lies in a womans outer appearance. Not long ago, it was considered beautiful to run around in tightly yanked corsets and ballroom gowns, but now we must wear high heels that look like some sort of torture device? Running late to the market in a pair of jeans and a sweatshirt is completely unacceptable, if you a true lady that is. I remember growing up watching reruns of shows like The Brady Bunch and The Wonder Years and in every episode the women were dressed in ridiculous looking dresses and jumpers. They never looked comfortable, and they sure as heck couldnt throw around the football! To find a woman in a pair of jeans and a do-rag was permitted only while working in the yard or cleaning the house. I grew up my entire life in a t-shirt, jeans and a pair of softball cleats, and I consider myself very much a lady. I would have much rather scored the winning run than play with my sisters Barbie bake oven, thats for sure. READ: Fears and Phobias EssayTo be a lady also means to act like a lady. This means no spitting, swearing, farting, cursing, hitting, name-calling or getting dirty. It is completely impossible for any one person to go their entire life without performing at least one, it not all of these acts, repeatedly. Why hide the fact that you just ate a medium pizza and then drank a 2 liter of Coke? Let out a little belch. And in someones unwritten laws of being a woman, it was decided that women must be dainty and sensitive to matters of decorum. I know that most men take comfort in the fact that they must provide for their wives and perform difficult tasks to show their manhood, but what about those few precious women who can get things done by themselves? Men are in charge of manual labor, heavy machinery and getting a little dirt underneath their fingernails. Because, we all know that dirt would never find its way into a ladys fingernail, or it would just be extremely hard to see under t heir pastel pink fingernail polish. To be a lady means to never to be one of the guys. And women participating in sports are completely out of the question. A woman wasnt allowed to play rough and be tough because they would never find a man, get married and have children (supposedly every womans fulfillment in life?) Women are meant to be the cheerleaders standing off to the side at a baseball game, looking adoringly into their little mirrored compact and asking who just scored a touchdown. Do men really find, ditsy, uneducated women attractive? Do they really want a woman to rely on their every move and hang on their every whim? Empowered women, to me, are the epitome of beauty, and if that means ripping a worm in half, sticking it on the hook and catching dinner, then so be it. Up until just recently, women have been content being looked down upon by powerful men in society, but in my eyes, for gender inequality to go on any longer would be a travesty. Women today need to realize that they no longer need to fit some ridiculous cookie-cutter mold that insecure men have formed for them. It infuriates me that at one time, women werent allowed to play professional sports, let alone vote! It all turned around though, just eighty five years ago when women were allowed into the voters booth. To think that resources were once unobtainable to the women before me, only motivates me to take advantage of all I can in the time that I have here on earth.

Legal Systems and Contract Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Systems and Contract Law - Assignment Example The scenario presented by the case of Arju, a consumer who went to purchase a power washer at a local store whereby she was assisted by three different people. This case involves a number of parties and therefore, the Scots contract law will be applied in this case. Question A1 In this scenario, we witness a customer who advised Arju to purchase a certain power washer (AK47 Watersquirt). Arju purchased the water washer based on the recommendation of the customer. In this scenario, as the lawyer representing Arju, I would advise him not to pursue this case in a court of law. This is because the customer’s recommendation amounted to something more or else of a promise. According to the Scots Law of contract, a unilateral promise is not recognised as a contract. The provisions of the Scots Law of contract do not recognize unilateral promises which are against the provisions of this law. This is similar to the case of Punit Beriwala v. Suva Sanyal [1998], whereby Suva had sued Pun it for breach of contract based on a marriage promise. The court held that the promise was not enforceable and therefore the promise could not be considered as a binding contract. According to the Scots law of contracts, for a contract to be binding it must be a bilateral agreement between two parties. On the other hand a contract can exist whereby a person has obligation to perform duties in relation to another person. This type of contract is referred to as a gratuitous  contract (Douglas,  56). In the case of Arju, she was not advised by the customer in this scenario but the customer was merely expressing her opinion. As a result, a court of law would not recognize this as a breach of contract since there was no contract in the first place. According to the Scots Law of contracts, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties with the intention of creating legally binding obligations. Therefore, the customer’s recommendation had no intention of creating legall y binding agreement. As the legal representative of Arju, I would advise her not to pursue a case against the said customer but instead try to be careful the next time. Question A2 In another scenario, we witness a sales assistant who is not familiar with power washers but goes ahead to assure Arju that the store sells quality goods. However, the sales assistant omitted information concerning customer recalls on goods on faulty goods. Based on the information provided by this case, as the lawyer for Arju, I would advise her to sue the sales assistant and the shop for breach of contract. According to the Scots Law of contracts, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties. In terms of promises one makes to another, the Scots Law of contracts requires the promise to be done in writing or be proved by a writ or oath. However, this provision excludes undertaking done under businesses. Therefore, the sales assistant’s reassurance of the good quality of goods sold by the store amounted to a breach of contract. The promise given to Arju by the sales assistant compelled Arju to purchase from the store leading to a loss (Hare, 64). As a result, Arju should sue the store based on the information provided by the sales assistant. Another provision of the Scots Law of contract is that for a contract to be legal and binding there must be free and genuine consent of the parties. In this scenario, the sales assist

Strategies for improving women's political participation Term Paper

Strategies for improving women's political participation - Term Paper Example This paper tries to enlist some strategies for improving political participation of women. Strategies: In order to develop a sustainable democracy in the country, it is very important to have equal role and participation of women in politics and in government. Women occupy fifty percent of the world population but still they are under-represented as voters, political leaders or elected officials. There cannot be democracy in the country if half of the population remains unrecognized in the field of politics. Every nation should take adequate steps to help women so that they can acquire their due respect and importance and should have the tools necessary to participate successfully in all aspects of the political process. (Han, pp. 15-20; Paxton and Hughes, p.23-35) For women to participate in politics in a full fledged way, there should be wide ranging programs which must be creative and strongly focused in both type of challenging environments where democracy is just beginning to fl ourish and in more established democracies where women are engaged in legislatures, political parties and civil society as leaders, activists and informed citizens. These programs create an environment where women has built in confidence and can advocate on matters of policy, run for political office, can get elected, govern effectively, and participate meaningfully in every facet of civic and political life. Various innovative programs have helped to strengthen the political skills of women, emphasize on how women are impacted by public policy, and improve the perception of women in political life. The government should also commit in delivering democracy in all kinds of challenging environments. (Paxton, p.1) A government should focus on its high-level political relationships in order to encourage leaders to understand and actively promote the benefits of gender-balanced politics. It is necessary for any government of a country to have a prospect on training women and focus on the inclusion of a gender perspective in every NDI program. This dual approach can strengthen its ability to build women’s skills and organize women across ethnic and political lines, as well as create the opportunity for women from diverse backgrounds to converge around shared goals to solve problems in ways that contribute to the development and well-being of their societies. (Burrell pp. 12-15) A country should use a broad spectrum of inventive and inclusive strategies and techniques, in order to reach the widest range of women leaders and activists, which are uniquely adapted to best fit the local cultural and political contexts of the communities in which we work. Quotas can also be introduced in order to ensure that women acquire a minimum share of seats in the legislature. The rules that establish quotas in political parties and government institutions aim to assist women to overcome the barrier of under-representation in these areas of decision-making. (Burrell pp. 12-15 ) In order to be compelling and competent, affirmative action programs should be adopted and the establishment of quotas has to be accompanied by definite timetables with clear targets. India was an example cited by several participants who observed that the target of reaching 33% of seats to be reserved for women at the district level, which is also called as the Panchayati Raj, has been

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Assignment Example The trends observed in 2010 was comparable to those observed in 1980s (Martin et al 1). These changes in fertility rates are caused by fertility rates among women of different ages, population groups and geographical regions. Trends of the fertility rates are affected by the changes of fertility rates within individual groups of the American population. Also, the rates change within some age groups and consequently affect the total fertility rate. For instance, there was an increase of the fertility rates among women in their twenties. A great decrease in the rate of birth among teenager women is notable, this decrease was negligible compared to the increase of fertility rates among older women. The trends of fertility rates are influenced by the lifestyles among women (Martin et al 17). Good medical care and diet lead to increased medical care while increased alcohol consumption and smoking of tobacco decrease fertility rate. This was ascertained in the trends of the trends recorded in 1999 and 2000. The increase in fertility rates was due to decreased alcohol consumption and smoking of tobacco among pregnant women. A fertility rate of about 2,100 births per 1,000 women is considered sufficient for a generation to replace itself. In 2006 and 2007, fertility rates were above this rate but it has been below this figure. Most of groups within the American population do not meet this rate while some of them meet. The AIAN, non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black fertility rates are mostly below replacement but those for Mexican and other Hispanic are mostly higher (Martin et al 38). The ratio of total live births to the population in totality in a specified community or an area over a specified time is referred to as birth rate. This ratio is mostly an expression of the number of given live births per 1,000 of the total population per year Total fertility rate

Reading for Pleasure Importance

Reading for Pleasure Importance It is important to read as it can improve childrens language use and by reading for pleasure they can adapt to the language easily. According to Reyhene (1998) children who read for pleasure could somehow improve their language skills unconsciously and automatically. Besides that, Bignold (2003) pointed out that the reading habit could enhance or improve childrens reading skills. Therefore, the main issue of reading is that it helps to expand young peoples experiences and knowledge (Green, 2002). Children not only can expand their knowledge but they can also cultivate reading habits for lifelong learning (Pandian Ibrahim, 1997). It is usually being recommended that reading behavior should start at an early age and conducive reading environment plays an important role in order to stimulate lifelong reading (Pandian, 1997; Anderson, 1982; Winebrenner, 1971; Sanacore, 1990; Krashen, 1996). The exposure to reading for pleasure could help the children in many ways and it can increase or improve their reading achievement. Reading materials appear important for the development of reading comprehension such as reading fluency, or the ability to read text quickly and accurately (Chall, 1996; LaBerge Samuels, 1974; Stanovich, 1986), and learning many vocabulary because children are more likely to encounter new words by reading rather than from their daily conversation (Hayes Ahrens, 1988). Reading could increase childrens background knowledge that could help to assist future growth in reading comprehension (Stanovich, 2000). 2.2 TEACHERS ROLE Teachers play an important role where they could be described as the one who can instill intrinsic motivation to read among the students. Cole (1999) recommended that in order to motivate students to do pleasure reading, a teacher must be motivated to discover their students literacy personalities. Cole (1999) also talks about the role of librarian teachers who could offer the students with an enormous variety of books on various topics, levels and genre to capture the interest of students in reading. Students will have the interest to read if the librarian teachers could provide books according to the four stages of reading development such as building fluency, reading for pleasure, reading to learn and mature reading (Gillet Temple, 1994; Fong, 1997). According to Abeyrathna Zainab (2004), teachers could help inculcate the reading habit by giving students the experience of reading under guidance such as helping students to select materials based on their interests. Students are usually motivated to read by adults and take the adults as their reading model. Parents would be in the first rank, teachers would be in the second rank and librarians would be the third choice in being the students reading model (Hughes-Hassell and Lutz 2006). Most of the students are motivated to read usually because of the parental and home influences. Teachers should never take for granted that reading potential of students can happen anywhere although they come from an environment where reading is not valued (Duncan, 2010). Teachers can have strong and lasting effects on students reading attitudes and practices (Pitcher et al. 2007). Teachers must adopt an enthusiastic attitude toward reading and openly discuss their personal reading lives with students. In the class, teachers can have sharing book recommendation or just mention a recent enjoyable reading experience that could help change the perceptions and beliefs of nonreaders. The main problem is that most teach ers do not do reading for pleasure. Nathanson, Pruslow, and Levitt (2008) found that most graduate education students viewed reading as important, yet many were disinterested and did not engage in regular personal reading. Teachers cant expect students to be excited about reading if they themselves are not personally engaged in reading for pleasure (Duncan, 2010). 2.3 ROLES OF LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANS This is the part where the roles of the library are being stressed and the environment of the library plays an important role. Every classroom should have a classroom library collection that can be filled from the main library collection. It is easy to access and at the same time could encourage and motivate students to read (Gniewek, 1998). The school librarians are the ones who should provide a richer collection by having latest books and knowing the students reading preferences. According to Abeyrathna Zainab (2004), students are not happy with the library collection when it comes to reading for pleasure. There were a vast differences on the books that the students need and the books that was available for them to read. It is suggested that to solve the problem, the school library should have borrowed some books from the public library for teaching and reading needs. This could help financially for the school and obtaining reading materials that students are interested in. In Thailand, a study was carried out about the roles of libraries. According to Somsong (1999), the roles of libraries, librarians and library programs play an important role in helping to stimulate and develop reading interests among students. There are lots of studies that indicated that children who are in schools that have libraries and librarians read a lot often compared to children who attended schools that have libraries but no librarians to guide them (Lance, 1994; Lance, Rodney and Hamilton-Pennell, 2000). It is important to have librarians in the library as they can help provide resources for the students regarding their reading preferences. They can help children search for the books that students prefer easily by organizing the books according to its genre which will trigger the students interest (Whelan, 2004). Reading can also be integrated with electronics such as reading e-mails and journals from the internet (Pandian, 1997). Libraries should have equipped with electronics such as computers and internet connection to provide the latest issue or information (Whelan, 2004). Librarians should renew their effort in guiding and tutoring the children for the usage of the libraries to stimulate and to promote positive attitude towards using the library for leisure reading (Chai, 1996). A warmth feeling of librarians who welcome readers to read in the library could help in stimulating students to read more. In Sri Lanka, the National Library and Documentation Service Board (NLDB) carried out a survey in 2002 and found the following situations; reading habits of students was poor due to the condition of the school libraries that was not encouraging as the book collections were old and most students read light materials such as magazines, novels, comic books and newspapers (Abeyrathna Zainab, 2004). 2.4 PARENTS ROLE Parents play an important role in order to reinforce the childs reading habit and interest (Cole, 1999). The first teacher for reading are the parents as they are the role models for their children and this apply to the interest in reading either to gain knowledge or for pleasure. According to De Medina (1976), who studied 50 families in Brazil, reading only occurred when there is a place to read at home, if the adults bought books and also if there is someone who guides the children to read often at home. There is another study which supports that home does influence reading among children. According to Kathers (1996), the study is on the children who were active in participating in extracurricular activities or have children that perform well on their reading test and have parents who were actively involved in school activities (Goldenberg, 1992). Home environment did influence ninth grade students attitude towards reading. Home environment can be included when a child is used to being read to, having a public library use, receive books as gifts, large personal and parental book collection and have subscriptions to magazines (Abeyrathna Zainab, 2004). Parents who are readers can encourage reading for pleasure among their children but it will be reduced once the child grew older (Demise, 2001). College students do not need parental encouragement as they usually read for pleasure. Besides that, they also do not need their educational status to make it as a leisure reading habits (Blackwood, 1991). Parents who create a pleasant atmosphere that fosters reading by providing space, reading materials, encouragement and example will endorse their children the love for reading (Pandian, 1997; Greaney, 1996). 2.5 ATTITUDES ABOUT READING There are two motivations that could encourage students to read for pleasure. The first one would be individuals feelings about reading. Alexander and Filler (1976) stated that the feelings of the reader can be influenced by involving themselves in reading, thus attitudes about reading should relate to individuals. The theory of information pickup suggests that perception depends completely upon information in the stimulus array rather than atmosphere that are influenced by cognition. According to Gibson, perception is an express outcome of the properties of the environment and does not engage in any form of sensory processing. Information pickup theory stresses that perception requires a lively organism. The act of perception depends upon an interaction involving the organism and the environment. All perceptions are made in reference to body position and functions (proprioception). Awareness of the environment derives from how it reacts to our movements (Gibson, 1977). The second motivation is childrens interest in reading. Researchers have looked into the interest that affects comprehension. Schiefele (1996) found that college students who were interested in the text materials used in the study understood those materials more deeply than did students who were less interested in the materials, even when the students prior knowledge of the materials and general intelligence were controlled. In studies of fifth and sixth graders, Renninger (1992) found that interest in the materials enhanced comprehension, even of materials that were quite difficult for the children (although there were some gender differences in these patterns). Thus interest in reading appears to be an important motivational variable influencing different aspects of reading performance. 2.6 REASONS STUDENTS DO NOT READ FOR PLEASURE One of the main reasons students do not read for pleasure is because of the technologies. According to Gunasekara (2002), there are three major hindrances to the promotion of reading habits. It includes preference to chat using the computer, listening to the radio and preference for television viewing. There are also some students who liked to read and considered themselves readers but did not take the time to read regularly or update their knowledge. This does not mean that they are reluctant to read but they gave priority to other activities such as sports, social life and school work (Abeyrathna Zainab, 2004). 2.7 ACADEMIC READING PURPOSE Most reading was done mainly for examination purposes (Abeyrathna Zainab, 2004). Students usually read to prepare for examination. A recent Malaysian survey on the reading behavior of 22,400 individuals and 6,050 households by the Ministry of Education revealed that only 20 per cent of Malaysians read regularly (Pandian, 2001). This review (New Straits Times, 29 August, 1996) further stressed that the small figure includes students who read just to pass exams. In Malaysia, the students associate reading with academic tasks and not for knowledge or pleasure most of the time (Sunday Star, May 26, 1991). By doing this, it does not enable students who can read to use the activity in a significant way for self or social development (Pandian, 1997). The main hindrance on reading for pleasure is the excessive concern of students with reading textbook for examination purposes. Students will regard reading to pursuit knowledge in preparing for the examination as the main purpose of reading and they will never realize the importance of reading for pleasure or enjoyment (Abeyrathna Zainab, 2004). 2.8 TECHNOLOGIES AND COMMUNICATION Public awareness has been haggard to the rising crisis of non-reading among Malaysians especially among the Malaysian students. Readership behavior here refers to reading skills and enthusiasm to read for information and leisure as well as reading practices that appoint different prints and audio-visual contents, such as newspapers, magazines, non-textbooks and informative material of various multimedia (Pandian, 2001). The cultivation of reading habits is also inclined by a series of other factors like exposure to media and computers. We live in an era where technologies are the center of everything and we tend to be occupied by it. One study investigating the media exposure among young people in the Klang Valley has observed that in a week these young people spend about 14.6 hours on television, 3.4 hours on video, 4.1 hours on computer, 16.3 hours on radio, 7.11 hours on newspapers and 4.7 hours on books and comics (The Star, May 8, 1997). The above findings advocate that the visu al representation is becoming arguably more significant than the printed word (Pandian Ibrahim, 1997). This proves that Malaysians spend more time on technologies rather than having the printed materials to read. Reading reluctance happens when a generation who can read chooses not to read. This situation can lead to generating more reluctant readers. The term reluctant readers refer to the people who can read but do not read. The focus on reading is critical given the growth of communications technology and the adjustment of reality we tackle in modern societies. In order to make reading more meaningful, it is important for young people to learn not only to read but nurture reading behavior for lifelong learning. There are many new forms of reading texts such as mass and multimedia but it does not ensure if communication technology will be used to sustain students reading for pleasure and lifelong learning (Pandian, 2001). 2.9 READING MATERIALS PREFERRED BY STUDENTS Easy access to books could promote or encourage students to read more. In an article of a magazine by Duncan (2010), it is suggested that every classroom should have a library where the books are filled with high-interest reading materials that students would love to read. Books that are easily accessible are most likely to be read by students when they do not have anything to do. Lots of researches have been done on the most important role which is the home environment itself that could promote and create lifelong readers but for students who could not afford to buy any reading materials, the classroom library must provide many reading materials that could be easily accessed. It can also help to promote positive reading attitudes and help the students to improve their reading performance (Young Moss 2006). Teachers are the ones who will be in charge of picking the texts that are popular among students. Teachers should not limit the students reading by only providing books they feel students should be reading. Teachers need to widen the concept of reading materials and also supply books with a wide range of fiction and nonfiction books (Duncan, 2010). Comics, series books, magazines and other materials not traditionally read in school should be considered (Lesesne, 2003). Students who are intimidated by books, magazines and comics might be interested in reading as it offers a comfortable and risk-free reading experience (Duncan, 2010).

St. Augustin Essay -- essays research papers

From the analysis of St. Augustine Confessions and Beowulf, it is clear that the two authors, St. Augustine and the poet respectively, differ on their views of death, which helps to paint a better picture of the world that each writer lived in. In Augustine's writings, death plays a major role in life; it serves as the stepping stone to a greater existence in heaven. In Augustine's world, Christianity and God both play an important role in how death is viewed. In the poets writings we see a different perspective, one in which the time you spend on earth is of great importance; very little thought is given to life after death. Although God is mentioned and discussed throughout the writing, it is a very different perspective than the one shown by Augustine. In the writing of St. Augustine, the reader gets a small glimpse of what life was like in the Roman Empire in the forth century, and more particularly how death was viewed during this period. According to the Confessions, life, though valued, was just a time spent before God chose to bring your soul to heaven; contingent of course on the fact that you were a Christian. 'Yet in a moment, before we had reached the end of the first year of a friendship….you took him from this world (Confessions, 75).'; 'When all hope of saving him was lost, he was baptized as he lay unconscious (Confessions, 75).'; This passage about St. Augustine's friend helps to illustrate that as death drew near in Augustine's time, thoughts went to the after life in heaven. This hypothesis is furthered when Augustine writes about the death of his mother. 'And so on the ninth day of her illness, when she was fifty-six and I was thirty-three, her pious and devoted soul was set free from the body (Confessions, 2 00).'; Some might argue that the sorrow that Augustine describes at both the deaths of his friend and mother illustrates that death was not looked on as a passage to life in heaven, but as a very sorrowful and deplorable event. Though Augustine admits to feeling great sorrow at the death of those close to him, he goes on to point out that these feelings are merely of the imperfect body. When one lets go and listens to his soul he will see that all things begin and end with God. 'For the senses of the body are sluggish, because they are senses of flesh and blood…They are limited by their own nature (Confessions, ... ...n a rich shroud or embalmed with spices, nor did she wish to have a special monument or a grave in her own country…All she wanted was that we should remember her at your altar, (Confessions, 204).'; This is a very strong example of how different the worlds of St. Augustine and the poet were. From the limited view of the life presented by the authors of the Confessions and Beowulf, it is easy to see that the worlds in which they lived were very different. The world of St. Augustine seems well ordered and compact with cities and government officials. It seems to be a highly intellectual culture strongly influenced by religion and God. The world of the poet seems much different in nature than that of St. Augustine. The poet's world seems to be much less organized and vast, with various kings as opposed to government officials. It seems to be populated with many roaming bands, and the people seem to be much less intellectually and religiously motivated. It seems they lived simple lives in a constant search for glory and notoriety. With such different cultures it is not difficult to concede that their respective views on death would be as diverse as the cultures themselves.